The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Universal size-independent quantities for the conformational characterization of rigid and flexible macromolecules. All possible degrees of curling can be displayed by any molecule, but there will be an average configuration which will depend on the solvent. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Nordmeier, Eckliard (1993). The receptor chamber was filled with PBS. Lim SB, Tingirikari JMR, Seo JS, Li L, Shim S, Seo JH, Han NS. In addition, the permeation rate was higher in pig skin than in human skin. Sci. The permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (FITC-dextrans) with different molecular weights through the pig and human cadaver skins were measured using Franz diffusion cell. Determination of constants, kM-H and a, from the intrinsic viscosity data, requires a series of monodisperse polymer samples with known molecular weight or a series of polydisperse polymer samples with known viscosity average molecular weights, Mv. The micropores of the human cadaver skin were regenerated according to the time. The Transdermal diffusion cell system was protected from light. The study of biopolymers as dextran in aqueous solution, is effectively determined by intrinsic viscosity [] measurements at different temperatures. Saudi Pharm J. Theory, Estimation, Experiment, and Data. Coviello, T.; Matricardi, P.; Marianecci, C.; Alhaique, F. (2007). ; Bos, G.W. ; Veldhuis, T.F.J. Levin G, Gershonowitz A, Sacks H, Stern M, Sherman A, Rudaev S, Zivin I, Phillip M. Transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through RF-microchannels. Red blood cell rouleaux formation in dextran solution: dependence on polymer conformation. Polyelectrolytes as secondary calibration standards for aqueous SEC. Journal of American Chemical Society, 64(11), 2716-2718. Morris, G.A. Webdextran fraction and the final product depend on changes in the hydrodynamic volume of the molecules after substitution. 151-166. Keywords: One day before the experiment, the skin was stabilized in the skin culture medium. At 20C data "a" value obtained in this work is intermediate to those given by references [1, 37] while the value of kM-H is lower. 2009;8(2):1739. On single point determination of intrinsic viscosity. Leiva, Angel; Muoz, Natalia; Urza, Marcela; Gargallo, Ligia; Radic, Deodato (2010). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran 10K was 4.820.32M, in the human skin and 5.920.46M in the pig skin. European. Mainaa, Ndegwa Henry; Pitknen, Leena; Heikkinen, Sami; Tuomainen; Pivi; Virkki, Liisa; Tenkanen, Maija (2014). Dextran consists of -D glucose units with a majority of (16) glucosidic linkages between them. Normally, the skin loses very little water loss whereas damaged skin loses more [22]. The skin poration was performed using the microporation device (LG electronics, Korea). Ubbelohde, Leo. Rotureau, E.; Dellacherie, E.; Durand, A. Keywords: intrinsic viscosity, dextrans, Mark-Houwink parameters, hydrodynamic, temperature, Journal of Polymer and Biopolymer Physics Chemistry, 2013 1 (1),
government site. Ionic Polymers Based on Dextran: Hydrodynamic Properties in Aqueous Solution and Solvent Mixtures. DLS tests were conducted at detection angle of 90 (standard) and 173 (backscatter) to measure protein hydrodynamic radius, while protein charge was examined in phase analysis light scattering (PALS) mode at detection angle of 15 (forward). Mitragotri S. Mechanical disruption of skin barrier for vaccine delivery. Differences were considered statistically significant at p <0.05. Bahary, W.S. De Belder, A.N. To confirm the extent of skin damage and regeneration after microporation, porations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times. Macromolecules, 33, 5730-5739. Harding, Stephen E. (2005). Optical properties of dextran in solution and in films. Study of temperature influence. These structural differences can significantly affect FITC-dextran delivery due to even after microporation [30]. However, the results did not show significant regeneration of micropore compared to previous in vivo studies which reported significant regeneration [25]. Determination of branching in biopolymers by size exclusion chromatography with light scattering (Malls), viscosity, and refractive index detection. These values indicate for dextrans in dilute aqueous solution, both methods give very similar results of the intrinsic viscosity and the respective Mw. Pharm Res. As well as being able to measure hydrodynamic radius in the Zetasizer (if you have access to one), it's also provided with a calculator that allows Changes in the Mark-Houwink hydrodynamic volume of chitosan molecules in solutions of different organic acids, at different temperatures and ionic strengths. The mostly used commercial product/ polysaccharide is dextran, and it is produced from bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with an overall degree of branching of about 5% [1-3][1]. Intrinsic viscosity molecular weight relationship. WebFluorescein isothiocyanatedextran average mol wt 60,000-76,000; CAS Number: 60842-46-8; Synonyms: FITCDextran; find Sigma-Aldrich-FD70S MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich Degrees of long-chain branching in dextrans. MeSH terms The Transdermal diffusion cell system (DHC-6TD, LOGAN instrument, USA) was used to assess FITC-dextran permeability in vitro. The Mark-Houwink a constant is close to 0.75 (or higher) for these good solvents. Biomaterials. Dextran standards with sequence molecular weight from 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa were utilized for the plot of calibration curve. All authors have consented to the submission of this manuscript for publication. To improve drug permeability, micropore ablation using RF is performed by passing an alternating electrical current through the skin at a frequency higher than 100kHz. Pore closure examination was performed using an optical microscope (BX43, Olympus, Japan) immediately (time 0), 4, 8, and 24h following device application. Carbohydrate Research, 340, 811-826. 2012;27(3):20212. We observe that this maximum radius is below dextran hydrodynamic radius. Masuelli, Martin Alberto. Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. A few percent of R (13) glucosidic linkages provides side chains which appear to be short. The intrinsic viscosity classical theory of random coils at conditions []0 predicts the quotient a0 = d ln[]0/d ln M to decrease from unity to 0.5 as the chain length increases. The range of temperatures used was 25-50 (0.1) C and it was regulated by thermostatic bath Haake C. The viscosity measurements required Hagenbach-Couette correction time (tg 37.31s). Interaction Parameter (); Expansion Factor (); Steric Hindrance Factor (); and Shielding Function F(); for the System PEAOrganic Solvents by Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements. WebDiffusivity of 2000 kDa Dextran was significantly lower for both hydrogel formulations, but was insensitive to collagen concentration, likely due to a larger hydrodynamic diameter ( dh ~ 70 nm) on order of the collagen mesh size. In the case of a poor solvent, a temperature increase causes an increase in entropy and intrinsic viscosity and is favorable for the extended conformation. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of RF microporation technology in vitro, by evaluating the permeation of fluorescent-conjugated dextran (FITC-dextran) of various molecular weights through the human and pig skin after microporation, using a transdermal diffusion cell system. Proc of SPIE. Therefore, the trend of "a" and kM-H decreases with T, where the presence of ethylene glycol or dimethylsulfoxide strongly changes the interactions of this solvent with the macromolecule. Webof overall macromolecular geometry and hydrodynamic draining. The biological activity of cationic liposomes in drug delivery and toxicity test in animal models. Bohdanecky, Miloslav (1996). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Harding, S. E., & Simpkin, N. J. 2012 Sep 1;90(1):441-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.063. GYA primarily conducted research. Actually, everything depends on solvent you want to use and temperature. If you want to know gyration (Rg)or hydrodynamic (Rh) radius, you should Kasaai, M. R.; Arul, J.; Charlet, G. (2000). Drug Deliv. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78, 902-907. Prausnitz MR, Langer R. Transdermal drug delivery. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 13, 2031-2032. By using this website, you agree to our The column was eluted with bidestilled water a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, injection 5L, back pressure 200psi. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 23, 135-141. The Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Long-Chain Molecules. 4K, b M.W. Jeanes, A.; Haynes, W.C.; C. Wilham, A.; Rankin, J.C; Melvin, E.H.; Austin, M. J.; Cluskey, J. E.; Fisher, B.E. Determination of polymer structure by Gel Permeation Chromatography. 113, 81-86. Curvale, R.; Masuelli, M.; Perez Padilla, A. 7 8 Equivalent Radii and Ratios of Radii from Solution Properties as Indicators of Macromolecular Conformation, Shape, and Flexibility. Karmarkar, S.; Garber, R.: Kluza, J.; Koberda, M. (2006). Ibrahim O, Munavalli GS, Dover JS. In the case of the work performed in references [34, 35, 36] they studied using the number average molecular weight, which rearranges the value of a and forces it to enter into unbranched or linear molecules, on the other hand, if molecular weights are used the value would be less than 0.5. The measurements of dextrans molecular weight were determined by size exclusion HPLC (Gilson, France) with Refraction Index detector using a Polysep-GFC-P5000 column (7.8030 mm). WebDiffusivity of 2000 kDa Dextran was significantly lower for both hydrogel formulations, but was insensitive to collagen concentration, likely due to a larger hydrodynamic diameter (d h ~ 70 nm) on order of the collagen mesh size. This device can generate microchannels from the SC through to the outer dermis and allow transdermal delivery of active agents. Calculation of MarkHouwinkSakurada (MHS) equation viscometric constants for chitosan in any solventtemperatura system using experimental reported viscometric constants data. Synthesis of water-soluble and water-insoluble amphiphilic derivatives of dextran in organic medium. Dextran; Weissella cibaria; exopolysaccharide; prebiotic; skimmed milk. Progr. Our portfolio includes for example derivatives of dextran, polysucrose, inulin and more. (1999). The [] is connected to the dimensions of the biopolymer molecule isolated in a certain solvent. The slope is a value and intercept is equal to the ln kMH value [47]. Kim, D.; Robyt, J. F.; So-Young Lee; Jin-Ha Lee; Young-Min Kim. Determination of the intrinsic viscosity has been the most used measurement in the last 60 years. Recent Pat. This study demonstrated that hydrodynamic volume and radius of gyration of a dextran sample with M w < 20 kDa and its linear counterpart with equal M w are almost These studies were again focused on investigating the hydrodynamic properties of the polymer molecules, their hydrodynamic radius in relation to their radius of gyration and the coherence of the simulation results with polymer theory. However, the currently available transdermal systems are limited by low drug permeability across the skin due to the lipophilic barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost skin layer of the skin [3,4,5]; the methods favor low molecular mass, and lipophilic molecules, making it difficult to exploit the transdermal route for large and water-soluble molecules such as proteins and peptides. Armstrong, J. K.; Wenby, R. B.; Meiselman, H. J.; Fisher, T. C. (2004). Middelkoop E, Bogaerdt AJ, Lamme EN, Hoekstra MJ, Brandsma K, Ulrich MMW. The Mark-Houwink. However, in vitro investigations are very few. European Polymer Journal, 37, 619-622. Radiofrequency is a well-known medical technique with expanded application in electrosurgery for laparoscopic medical procedures and in dermatology, for sebaceous glands ablation in acne treatment [12, 13], and treatment of photoaging skin symptoms, including wrinkles and hyperpigmentation [14]. eCollection 2018 Feb. Molecules. The same way, many of these authors emphasize the non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran molecular weight range from 9 to 2000kDa [3,5,8,16, 37,38]. It is a measure of the width of molecular weight distributions (MWD) as well as probability of molecular weight distribution curve (GPC). 2003;89(2):31120. Intrinsic viscosity determination offers a simple and useful method that requires low cost equipment and yields useful information on soluble macromolecules. In vivo iontophoretic delivery of salmon calcitonin across microporated skin. Kirkland, J. J.; Dilks, C. H.; Rementer, S. W. (1992). Dextran. Cookies policy. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 2021 Aug;13(4):915-925. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09751-1. The Mark-Houwink exponent bears the signature of a three-dimensional configuration of a polymer chain in the solvent environment. The solution viscosity () is related to the solvent viscosity (o), resulting in the relative viscosity. Boudry I, Blanck O, Cruz C, Blanck M, Vallet V, Bazire A, Capt A, Josse D, Lallement G. Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo. where tr is the column retention time in minutes (2 of 0.9792). J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2018 Jan;184(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s12010-017-2522-4. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC dextran measured in plasma 1 h after its oral application is a marker of small intestinal permeability. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7. Drug Deliv Syst. Pamis, R.; Hernndez Cifre, J. G.; Lpez Martnez, M.C. A single frequency laser is directed to the sample contained in a cuvette. These results could be attributed to the differences in the in vivo and in vitro skin nutrients supply; with in vivo studies, the skin tissue is supplied nutrients directly from the blood vessels, but the human cadaver skin is supplied from the media, therefore, the skin tissue regeneration efficiency is low [26,27,28]. Carbohydrate Polymers 88 373-381. Dextran produced from Weissella cibaria JAG8 was purified and characterized. ; Prasad, D.H.L. European Biophysical Journal, 36, 85-94. Dextran (DX) is one type of EPS synthesized by LAB in the presence of sucrose (R g), radius of hydrodynamic (R h), polymer conformation parameter ( = R g /R h), intrinsic viscosity ([]), Mark-Houwink coefficient () and branching degree of DXs of RPYs prepared under different conditions. However, considering the trauma and unethical practices associated with animal experiments, in vitro studies with human cadaver skin offers an ethical and viable alternative. In a good solvent, which shows a zero or negative heat of mixing with the polymer, the molecule is less-extended, and the intrinsic viscosity is high. After the pore closure examination, each sample was stored in a 10% neutral buffered formalin awaiting haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. The Dextrans intrinsic viscosity is determined as a function of the molecular weight in water and NaOH 0.5 M see reference [1]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2005;22(4):5505. Biological skin substitutes for wound cover and closure. The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was approximately, 800 kDa. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. WebHydrodyamic Radius, R H: In addition to the analytic size of a linear (C=1) chain, the end to end distance, R eted or R 0, and the structural size, the radius or gyration, R g, dynamic measurements yield a size called the hydrodynamic radius, R H. Consider a rod particle of length L=10R where R is the radius. The parameters of Mark-Houwink for polymers can vary with the polymer solution and temperature. Rheology of dextran solutions. Dilute Solution. Chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery systems. 2011;5(2):95132. Hydrodynamic radii were measured using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) in a Malvern Zetasizer NanoZS DLS (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) at high scattering angle (173) to minimise the effects of dust and supramolecular contamination (NIBS, 173). Covis, Rudy; Ladaviere, Catherine; Desbrieres, Jacques; Marie, Emmanuelle; Durand, Alain. These results suggest that fibroblasts proliferate and migrate under the SC, and regenerate the skin. Sung-Wook Choi. 2004;25(9):155967. Pig skins (Micropig Franz cell membrane) were supplied by Medi Kinetics Co., Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Korea). Epub 2012 Oct 18. From Table 1, It is worth noting that the value of 2 is above 0.95, being an acceptable value for viscosimetric measurement. Human skins (Full-thickness human skin) were supplied by HansBiomed. 4K and M.W. 4, 10, and 20K) was measured using the Transdermal diffusion cell system. SEC of mono-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a wide range of pH, MarkHouwink constants. Formul. Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. Viscosity of aqueous solutions of polysaccharides and hydrophobically modified polysaccharides: Application of Fedors equation. These studies on Mark-Houwink parameters are usually carried out at a given temperature, obtaining a consistent result but in a very limited temperature range [68]. Table1 shows TEWL values measured immediately after the microporation of human and pig skins. The basic setup of a DLS instrument is shown in Figure 1. Learn More. WebThomas Gutberlet works at Jlich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2), Forsch and is well known for Lipoteichoic Acid, Neutron Reflectometry and Neutron Reflectivity. Dulbeccos Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) was purchased from Welgene (Gyeongsan, Korea). Google Scholar. 2022 Feb 22;16(2):1999-2012. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07010.